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From: davidg@agora.rain.com (David Greenman)
Subject: Re: New kernel in NetBSD 0.9 and what is an ed0 ?
Message-ID: <CCB46A.4sH@agora.rain.com>
Organization: Open Communications Forum
Date: Wed, 25 Aug 1993 08:42:06 GMT
Lines: 194

andrew.moore@rdt.monash.edu.au writes:

>Okay, I just upgraded my system to NetBSD 0.9
>
>firstly,
>
>What is an ed0 ?

   Perhaps the following release notes would be of some use.

-DG


		Release Notes for 'ed' Device Driver
		    David Greenman, 24-May-1993
		------------------------------------

Last updated: 25-August-1993

INTRODUCTION
------------
   The 'ed' device driver is a new, high performance device driver supporting
Western Digital/SMC 80x3 series (including 'EtherCard PLUS' 'Elite16') and the
3Com 3c503. All of the ethernet controllers use the DS8390 or 83C690 Network
Interface Controller (NIC). The differences between the boards are in their
memory capacity, bus width (8/16 bits), and special logic (asic) used to
configure the shared memory and other things. Every effort has been made to
conform to the manufactures' specifications for the NIC and asic. This includes
both normal operation and error recovery.

PERFORMANCE
-----------

transmit
--------
   The 8390 doesn't provide a mechanism for chained write buffers, so it is
very important for maximum performance to queue the next packet for
transmission as soon as the current one has completed. On boards with 16k or
more of memory, the shared memory is divided in a way that allows enough space
for two full size packets to be buffered for transmission. When sufficient
data is available for transmission, a packet is copied into the shared memory,
the transmission is started, and then an additional packet is copied into the
shared memory (to a different memory area). As soon as the first packet has
completed, transmission of a second packet can then be started immediately -
in less time than the 9.6us interframe gap. This results in the highest
performance possible from ethernet.

Packets go out on the 'wire' with the following format:

preamble  dest-addr  src-addr  type      data      FCS   intr-frame
64bits     48bits     48bits  16bits   1500bytes  32bits   96bits

   With 10Mbits/sec, each bit is 100ns in duration. All of the above fields,
except for data are of fixed length. With full sized packets (1500 bytes), the
maximum unidirectional data rate can be calculated as: 6.4us + 4.8us + 4.8us +
1.6us + 1200us + 3.2us + 9.6us = 1230.4us/packet = 812.74382 packets/second =
1219115.7 (1190k) bytes/second. With TCP, there is a 40 byte overhead for the
IP and TCP headers, so there is only 1460 bytes of data per packet. This
reduces the maximum data rate to 1186606 bytes/second. With TCP, there will
also be periodic acknowledgments which will reduce this figure somewhat both
because of the additional traffic in the reverse direction and because of the
occasional collisions that this will cause. Despite this, the data rate has
still been consistantly measured at 1125000 (~1100k) bytes/second through a TCP
socket. In these tests, the TCP window was set to 16384 bytes. With UDP, there
is less overhead for the headers, and with 1472 bytes of data per packet, a
data rate of 1196358.9 (1168k) bytes/sec is possible. UDP performance hasn't
been precisely measured with this device driver, but less precise tests show
this to be true (measured at around 1135k/second).

receive
-------
   The 8390 implements a shared memory ring-buffer to store incoming packets.
The 8bit boards (3c503, and 8003) usually have only 8k bytes of shared memory.
This is only enough room for about 4 full size (1500 byte) packets. This can
sometimes be a problem, especially on the original WD8003E and 3c503. This is
because these boards' shared memory access speed is also quite slow compared
to newer boards - typically only about 1MB/second. The additional overhead of
this slow memory access, and the fact that there is only room for 4 full-sized
packets means that the ring-buffer will occassionally overflow. When this
happens, the board must be reset to avoid a lockup problem in early revision
8390's. Resetting the board will cause all of the data in the ring-buffer to
be lost - requiring it to be re-transmitted/received...slowing things even
further. Because of these problems, maximum throughput on boards of this type
is only about 400-600k per second. The 16bit boards (8013 series), however,
have 16k of memory as well as much faster memory access speed. Typical memory
access speed on these boards is about 4MB/second. These boards generally have
no problems keeping up with full ethernet speed. The only problem I've seen
with these boards is related to the (slow) performance of 386BSD's malloc code
when additional mbufs must be added to the pool. This can sometimes increase
the total time to remove a packet enough for a ring-buffer overflow to occur.
This tends to be highly transient, and quite rare on fast machines. I've only
seen this problem when doing tests with large amounts of UDP traffic without
any acknowledgments (uni-directional). Again, this has been very rare.

   All of the above tests were done using a 486DX2/66, 486DX/33, 386DX/40,
8-9Mhz ISA bus, with Bruce Evans' high speed spl()/interrupt modifications, a
high performance version of in_cksum.c from Bakul Shah, with tcp_sendspace/
tcp_recvspace set to 16k, and MCLBYTES set to 2048 (to allow full MTU sized
packets). TCP tests were done with the 'ttcp' performance test utility, and
also with FTP client/server. UDP tests were done with a modified version of
ttcp (to work around a bug in 386BSD's UDP code related to queue depth), and
also with NFS.

KERNEL INSTALLATION
-------------------
   To 'install' this driver, the files if_ed.c and if_edreg.h must be copied
into the i386/isa kernel source directory and the following line must be
added into the file i386/conf/files.i386:

i386/isa/if_ed.c        optional ed device-driver

   To build a kernel that includes this driver, first comment out any 'we'
or 'ec' devices in your kernel config file. Then, add a line similar to
the following (modify to match your cards configuration):

device ed0 at isa? port 0x300 net irq 10 iomem 0xcc000 vector edintr

   Note that the 'iosiz' option is not needed because the driver automatically
figures this out. However, if you have problems with this, it can be specified
to force the use of the size you specify.
   On 3Com boards, the tranceiver must be enabled in software (there is no
hardware default). In this driver, this is controlled using the "LLC0" link-
level control flag. The default for this flag can be set in your kernel config
file by specifying 'flags 0x01' in the 'ed' device specification line (this
is necessary for diskless support). Otherwise, the tranceiver is easily enabled
and disabled with a command like "ifconfig ed0 -llc0" to enable the tranceiver
or "ifconfig ed0 llc0" to disable it; this assumes that you have the modified
ifconfig(8) that originally appeared in the 386BSD patchkit. To specify the
'flags' option, use a line similar to:

device ed0 at isa? port 0x300 net irq 10 flags 0x01 iomem 0xcc000 vector edintr

   Flags can be similarly specified to force 8 or 16bit mode, and disabling
the use of transmitter double buffering. The various supported flag values
are:

	FORCE_8BIT_MODE			0x02
	FORCE_16BIT_MODE		0x04
	DISABLE_DOUBLE_BUFFERING	0x08

   To use multiple flags, simply add the values together. Note that these
numbers are in hexadecimal. If the FORCE_8BIT and FORCE_16BIT flags are
both specified, the 8BIT flag has precedence.
   The use of the above flags should only be necessary under exceptional
conditions where the probe routine incorrectly determines the board type. Or
where the high performance of the transmitter causes problems with other
vendors hardware.


KNOWN PROBLEMS
--------------

1) Early revision DS8390B chips have problems. They lock-up whenever the
	receive ring-buffer overflows. They occassionally switch the byte order
	of the length field in the packet ring header (several different causes
	of this related to an off-by-one byte alignment) - resulting in "shared
	memory corrupt - invalid length NNNNN" messages. The board is reset
	whenever these problems occur, but otherwise there is no problem with
	recovering from these conditions.
2) 16bit boards can conflict with 8bit BIOSs, BIOS extensions (like the VGA),
	and 8bit devices with shared memory (again like the VGA, or perhaps a
	second ethernet board). There is a work-around for this in the driver,
	however. The problem is that the ethernet board stays in 16bit mode,
	asserting its '16bit' signal on the ISA bus. This signal is shared by
	other devices/ROMs in the same 128K memory segment as the ethernet card
	- causing the CPU to read the 8bit ROMs as if they were 16bit wide.
	The work-around involves setting the host access to the shared memory
	to 16bits only when the memory is actually accessed, and setting it back
	to 8bit mode all other times. Without this work-around, the machine will
	hang whenever a reboot is attempted. This work-around also allows the
	board to co-exist with other 8bit devices that have shared memory (like
	8bit VGA boards or perhaps a second ethernet board). This has only been
	implemented for SMC/WD boards, but I haven't seen this problem with
	3Com boards (i.e. if you have a 3Com board, you might experiance the
	above problem - I haven't specifically tested for it).
3) 16bit 3c503 boards seem to have a memory contention problem between the NIC
	and the on-board shared memory that causes periodic fifo-overruns. I'm
	looking for a work-around, but haven't found one yet. When this problem
	occurs, the 3c503 drops the packet. Other than re-tranmissions/reduced
	performance, no other effects of this problem have been seen.
4) The shared memory on 3Com boards is much slower than it is on SMC boards;
	it's less than 2MB/second on the 16bit boards, and this can lead to
	ring-buffer overruns resulting in additional lost data in heavy network
	traffic. I'm working with 3Com on this problem too, but it looks pretty
	hopeless.
5) Because the 16bit 3Com boards bank switch their memory in 8k banks, the
	double buffering has not been implemented in those boards. Doing so
	would significantly complicate the code. Not really a bug, but rather
	a limitation that might be removed in the future.
6) The WD8013EBT boards (the first 16bit WD8013) require a slightly different
	way of initializing them for 16bit/16k modes. The code to properly
	initialize them for this isn't working, so in order to use these
	boards, it is necessary to use the kernel config file overrides for
	8bit/8k. This will hopefully be fixed SOON.